Chapter 20: Respiratory System

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  Breathing is very important to everyone; if you forgot to breath then you'll die. Breathing involves exchange of gases which is oxygen and carbon dioxide. In this chapter, it simplifies the function, importance and the different parts of the body that involve in breathing.

Functions of Respiratory System:

• Exchange of gas
• Regulation of blood pH
• Production of voice
• Olfaction
• Protection against microorganism

Parts of Respiratory System

1. Nose- admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth.
2. Nasal Cavity-  large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.
3. Pharynx-  serves both the respiratory system and the digestive system by receiving air from the nasal cavity and air, food, and water from the oral cavity.
4. Larynx-  portion of the breathing, or respiratory, tract containing the vocal cords which produce vocal sound.
5. Trachea-  tube that connects the pharynx or larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air.
6. Bronchi-  passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. 
7. Lungs-  are the organs of respiration in humans.

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Points to Ponder:

• Sinusitis- an inflammation of the mucous membrane of any sinus, especially one or more paranasal sinuses.
• Sneeze Reflex- dislodges foreign substances from the nasal cavity.
• Cough Reflex- dislodge foreign substances from the trachea.
• Asthma- disease characterized by abnormally increased constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles in response to various stimuli resulting in a narrowing of the air passageways and decreased ventilation efficiency.
•  Cystic Fibrosis- disease characterized by frequent, serious respiratory infections and thick, sticky mucus in the lungs and digestive tract.
• Bronchitis- inflammation of the bronchi caused by irritants, such as cigarette smoke, air pollution or infection.
• Emphysema- destruction of alveolar walls.

Let us test your knowledge about the respiratory disorders. Click Here.

 

Chapter 21: Digestive System

CHAPTER 21

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

When we hear DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, the first thing that comes into our mind is FOOD! Yeah, basically it's about food but how do the food travels in our digestive system? and how do they distribute their nutrients?

FUNCTION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. Take in food

2. Break down the food

3. Absorb nutrients

4. Eliminate waste

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Consist of nerve plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract.

PERITONEUM

It is the serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and organs.

ORAL CAVITY

Includes the vestibule and oral cavity proper

>LIPS AND CHEEKS

>PALATE AND PALATINE TONSILS

>TONGUE

>TEETH

>MASTICATION

>SALIVARY GLANDS

PHARYNX

Consist of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

ESOPHAGUS

Connects the pharynx to the stomach.

STOMACH

Large sac between the esophagus and small intestine, lying just beneath the diaphgram.

SMALL INTESTINE

divided into duodenum, jejunum, ileum

LIVER AND GALLBLADDER

>produces bile

>stores and process nutrients

>produce blood components

PANCREAS

Abdominal gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the intestine and insulin and glucagon from the pancreatic islets into the blood stream

LARGE INTESTINE

Portion of the digestive tract extending from the small intestine to anus

QUIZ QUIZ QUIZ

Chapter 22: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation

This topic is not briefly discussed in us, so I will just give you the important things that you should know about Nutrition.

Nutrition is the process by which the body obtains and uses certain components of food. The process includes digestion, absorption, transportation, and cell metabolism.


Nutrient is a chemical that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment.


Here is a video explaining more about nutrients:

The pyramid suggests the approaches to a healthy diet: Eat various foods, eat different amounts of each food type, eat in moderation, use fats and sugars sparingly, and exercise.

Here are some functions of vitamins and minerals that we need each day:

Wanna test your knowledge about vitamins & minerals? Then click the link below:

http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=test-your-knowledge-vitamins-minerals

End of Chapter 22

Chapter 23: Urinary System and Body Fluids

Urinary system consists of two kidneys, which produces urine; two ureters, which carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder; a single midline urinary bladder, which stores urine; and a single urethra, which carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

Functions that are performed by the kidneys:

1. Excretion

2. Regulation of blood volume and pressure

3. Regulation of the concentration of solutes in the blood

4. Regulation of extracellular fluid pH

5. Regulation of red blood cell synthesis

6. Vitamin D synthesis

Here is a video that explains furthermore the urinary system:

The nephron is called the functional unit of the kidney because it is the smallest structural component of the kidney capable of producing urine. Three major processes are essential for urine formation: filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. All three are essential for the regulation of body fluid composition.

Body Fluids

Changes in the total amount of water, the pH, or the concentration of specific electrolytes can alter the chemical reactions on which life depends. Homeostasis requires the maintenance of these parameters within a narrow range of values, and the failure to maintain homeostasis can result in illness or death.

The kidneys, along with the respiratory, integumentary, and gastrointestinal systems, regulate water volume, electrolyte concentrations, and pH. The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate the activities of these systems.

Approximate volumes of body fluid in our body

For people of all ages and body compositions, the two major fluid compartments are the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. The intracellular includes the fluid inside the several trillion cells of the body.The extracellular fluid compartment includes all the fluid outside the cells, constituting approximately one-third of the body's water.

End of Chapter 23

Chapter 24: Reproductive System

Reproduction is an essential characteristic of living organisms, and functional male and female reproductive systems are necessary for individuals to reproduce. The male reproductive system produces sperm cells and can transfer them to the female. The female reproductive system produces oocytes and can receive sperm cells, one of which may unite with an oocyte.

Functions of the Reproductive System:

Male

1. Production of sperm cells

2. Sustaining and transfer of the sperm cells to the female

3. Production of male sex hormones

Female

1. Production of female sex cells

2. Reception of sperm cells from the male

3. Nurturing the development of and providing nourishment for the new individual

4. Production of female sex hormones

Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. The cells produced by meiosis are gametes or spores. In many organisms, including all animals and land plants, gametes are called sperm and egg cells.

Meiosis begins with one diploid cell containing two copies of each chromosome—one from the organism's mother and one from its father—and produces four haploid cells containing one copy of each chromosome. Each of the resulting chromosomes in the gamete cells is a unique mixture of maternal and paternal DNA, resulting in offspring that are genetically distinct from either parent. This gives rise to genetic diversity in sexually reproducing populations. This genetic diversity can provide the variation of physical and behavioural attributes upon which natural selection can act. Origin and function of meiosis, the genetic diversity may be largely a by-product of the homologous recombination that is primarily employed for its DNA repair function during meiosis.

Male Reproductive Structures

Scrotum - a saclike structure containing the testes

Testes - small, ovoid organs, each 4-5 cm long, within the scrotum

Epididymis - the efferent ductules from each testes extend to a comma-shaped structure on the posterior side of the testes

Vas Deferens - duct of the epididymis

Urethra - male urethra is about 20 cm long and extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis

Penis - contains three columns of erectile tissue

Seminal Vesicles - a sac-shaped gland located next to the ampulla of the ductus deferens

Prostate Gland - about the size and shape of a walnut and surrounds the urethra and the two ejaculatory ducts at the base of the urinary bladder

Bulbourethral Glands - a pair of small, mucus-secreting glands located near the membranous part of the urethra

Semen - a mixture of sperm cells and secretions from the male reproductive glands

Female Reproductive Structures

Ovaries - are small organs about 2-3.5 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide

Uterine Tubes - there are two uterine tubes, also called fallopian tubes or oviducts

Uterus - the size and shape of a medium-sized pear-about 7.5 cm long and 5 cm wide

Vagina - the female organ of copulation and receives the penis during intercourse

Perineum - the region between the vagina and the anus

Mammary Glands - modified sweat glands that produce milk

Here is a video on the process of fertilization

Wanna test your knowledge about reproductive system? Click the link below:

http://www.funtrivia.com/newflash/trivia.cfm?qid=63761

End of Chapter 24